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- subject = History 209 (Ancient Greek History)
- title = Was the 5th Century
- BCE a "Golden Age" for Athens?
- papers = Please put your paper here.
- The
- 5th century BCE was a period of great development in Ancient Greece, and specifically
- in Athens. The development of so many cultural achievements within Athens
- and the Athenian Empire has led scholars to deem this period a "Golden Age."
- It is true that his period had many achievements, but in the light of the
- Athenians treatment of women, metics (non-Athenians living in Athens), and
- slaves it is given to question whether or not the period can truly be called
- "Golden."
- The 5th century and the Athenian Empire gave birth to an amazing
- amount of accomplishments. One such accomplishment was the minting of standard
- Athenian coins that were used throughout the Athenian holdings as valid for
- trade. The use of standard Athenian-minted coins helped the Athenians establish
- and maintain control over their empire by helping to control trade and the
- economy of the area to the AtheniansÆ benefit.
- Since Athens regularly received
- tribute from the states it controlled, Pericles, the leader of Athens, began
- a building project in Athens that was legendary. Athens had been sacked by
- the Persians during the Persian Wars and Pericles set out to rebuild the city.
- The cityÆs walls had already been rebuilt right after the end of the second
- Persian War so Pericles rebuilt temples, public grounds, and other impressive
- structures. One of the most famous structures to result from PericlesÆ building
- project was the Parthenon. The Parthenon and other such structures re-established
- AthensÆs glory and while some Athenians criticized the projects as too lavish,
- most Athenians enjoyed the benefits of the program. A major benefit to the
- Athenian people was that there was an abundance of work in the polis.
- The
- 5th century BCE was also an important time for Athenian thought. "Sophists,"
- paid teachers, taught rhetoric amongst other subjects to wealthy Athenian citizens.
- The Sophists were criticized by Athenians who thought that Sophists were destroying
- Greek tradition by emphasizing rationalism over a belief in superstition, however
- it was this rationalism that became so important to Greek philosophers such
- as Socrates and Plato, both who belonged to the 5th century BCE. The Sophists
- high regard for rhetoric was later of great use to citizen addressing the Assembly
- in the developing Athenian democracy.
- Athenian democracy is perhaps considered
- the crowning achievement of the 5th century BCE. Democracy grew out of the
- status that poorer Athenians were gaining as rowers for the ships of the large
- Athenian fleet. Since these poorer Athenians now played a large part in the
- Athenian military, they ga8ined more say in the Athenian government. This
- led to a democratic government where "every male citizen over 18 years was
- eligible to attend and vote in the Assembly, which made all the important decisions
- of Athens in the 5th century BCà" (Demand 223). This democratic government
- is considered by some scholars to show the full enlightenment of the Athenians
- in the 5th century BCE.
- This glorious enlightenment seems somehow less enlightening,
- however, when one views this period from other than a male AthenianÆs eyes.
- Athenian enlightenment and democracy was by and for male citizens. The underprivileged
- of Athens included women, metics and slaves.
- The position of Athenian wives
- in Athenian society is clearly stated by Xenephon in his Oeconomicus. Ischomacus,
- a young husband, is conversing with Socrates about the duties of husband and
- wife. Ischomacus relates how he explained to his wife that the duties needed
- to support a household consisted of "indoor" and "outdoor" activities. He
- then explains to his wife, "And since labor and diligence are required both
- indoors and outdoorsàit seems to me that the god prepared the womanÆs nature
- especially for indoor jobs and cares and the manÆs nature for outdoor jobs
- and concerns." (Spyridakis 206). This is the general attitude that Athenians
- held toward their wives. The Athenian wife was expected to marry and bring
- a dowry into her husbandÆs house. Although this dowry was attached to the
- woman, she was in no way allowed to control the lands and moneys she might
- bring to her husband.. Similarly, women were not allowed to vote or take any
- part in the Assembly, being seen as unfit for this privilege. The
- primary
- function of a citizenÆs wife was to take care of domestic affairs and provide
- the citizen with an heir. Athenian wives were rarely seen outside of their
- houses, for respectable wives had at least one slave who would purchase needed
- items at market. Poorer Athenian women were seen at market because they lacked
- slaves to run their errands. Women were considered intellectual non-entities
- and were treated as such in the Athenian Empire.
- Metics also had a low status
- in Athenian society. Metics were not allowed voting privileges in the Athenian
- democracy, but were compulsed to serve a specified time in the Athenian military
- and were taxed by the Athenians. Metics usually were lower-class tradesmen
- or craftsmen. Although some metics families eventually gained wealth, the
- vast majority of the metics remained second-class inhabitants of Athens, even
- though they performed some of the polisÆ most activities, such as military
- service and trade.
- Slavery was also matter-of -fact in 5th century Athenian
- life. Slaves were the property of specific owners and subject to the wishes
- of their owners. Like women and metics, slaves had no citizenship rights.
- It was possible for a slave to save enough money to buy his freedom, but a
- freed slave had only as much status as a metic. Aristotle defended slavery
- as necessary and a law of nature, saying in his Politics, "That some should
- rule and others should be ruled is not only necessary but expedient; indeed,
- from the very moment of birth some are set apart to obey and others to command."
- (Spyridakis 62) and also stating that, "He is by nature a slave who is capable
- of belonging to another (and therefore does belong to another) and who has
- access to reason in that he senses it and understands it but does not possess
- it." (Spyridakis 63). Many Athenians viewed slavery as necessary to society
- in order to give a citizen more time to participate in government affairs and
- other matters that were viewed as m
- ore important than a slaveÆs work. Although
- some lower-class Athenians may have been forced to share labor with slaves,
- most Athenians did not participate in slaveÆs work. Male slaves did harder
- labor such as construction and agriculture. Female slaves ran their mistressÆ
- errands and generally took care of domestic affairs under the watchful eye
- of their mistress. Slaves also acted as State scribes. In short, slaves did
- much of the work that allowed Athens to prosper in a period of "enlightenment."
- In
- light of the unrecognized people who helped to build the foundations for the
- Athenian Empire, this "Golden Age" seem far less golden. However, many major
- accomplishments grew out of this period as well. Before one can or cannot
- place a "Golden Age" label on 5th century Athens, one must consider other times
- when the ends of manÆs accomplishments may not have justified the means. Athens
- could be compared to post- Revolutionary America, where a "democratic" government
- was only available to white male citizens. Yet Americans tend to view this
- time with much patriotism and pride. Likewise the Industrial Revolution is
- said to be a great accomplishment of mankind, but little recognition is given
- to the horrible factory conditions that employees, many women and children,
- endured. I would say that the 5th century BCE was as much a "Golden Age" for
- man as either of the above mentioned time periods. I think that most of our
- accomplishments as humans rest on the shoulders of invisible and overlooked
- peoples.
-
- Works Cited
- Demand, Nancy. A History of Ancient Greece. New
- York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
- Spyridakis, Stylianos V. and Bradley P. Nystrom,
- eds., trans. Ancient Greece: Documantary Perspectives.
- Dubuque: Kendall-Hunt,
- 1985.
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